Radio - Heart FM

NOTES DONE

Radio Platforms: Apps - Tune in Radio, Online web players, Radio (FM/AM), Podcast - Visuals/Audio, DAB - Presets - Automatically locate stations.

Where? Car Radio, Alexa, Black Box, TV, Online.

Heart FM is the most popular commercial radio brand, built on a winning formula of feel good and an all star cast of presenters. Heart targets 25-44 years old, reaching out to 9.7 million listeners every week.

Ownership -  Heart is a radio network stations owned by global. 19 of 22 channels are owned by global. The other 3 are owned by communicorp and operated under a franchise agreement.

Heart uses Above-the-line advertisement to showcase their show.

Mode of address: The way in which a media product speaks to, or attracts its audience.
Sound Motif: A sound effect or combination of sound effects associated with a particular setting, situation, character or idea. (for example Jaws)
Ident: A short piece of audio or audio-visual content produced by radio or TV stations to identify themselves on air.

Heart has a very informal mode of address. They have different phone is sessions in order to engage with there audience.

A jingle is a short slogan, verse or tune designed to be easily remembered, and is especially used in advertising. These add to a products overall brand identity - the elements that distinguish it for the consumer.

RAJAR (Radio Joint Audience Research) is the official body in charge of measuring radio audiences, in the UK. It is jointly owned by the BBC and the Radiocentre on behalf of the commercial sector.

In the past 7 years, radio audiences have remained relatively stable. 2011 (90.7% listening to the radio) 2018 (88.8% listened to the radio).

Radio stations can use RAJAR to analyse their audience profiles.

Ofcom aslo regulates radio.

The Principle is to ensure the transparency of commercial communications as a means to secure consumer protection.

Newspaper

NOTES DONE

Last printed edition of The Independent - 26th March 2016.
Now all digital.

The I was launched as a competitor for free papers, costing 20p when first published.
Now owned by JPIMedia.

The sun uses Above-the-line billboard advertising.
Also has its own website and YT channel. Both uses pop-up ads.

Both papers have the usual social media (Twitter, FB, Insta)

Broadsheets are more text heavy than tabloids, with fewer (and often smaller) images
Stories tend to be about current affairs, rather than the celebrity gossip founding tabloids.

The Sun target audience is the so-called 'white van man'. C2DE, male, 35+.

The Publishers Audience Measurement Company (PAMCo) is the governing body which overseas audience measurement for the published media industry.

55% of market reach of Newsbrands is by print, 37% by desktop, 63% by phone and 19% by Tablet.
This tells us the advertising is still largely in the old ways, but is starting to break into modern ways so can still sell.

Role of Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO)
Introduced 2014, replacing the Press Complaints Commission (PCC).
They regulate the content of all press (Newspapers) and magazine copy.
They hold magazines and newspapers accountable for their actions, protect individual rights, uphold high standards of journalism and help to maintain freedom of expression for the press.
They abide to the Editors Code Of Practice

Preferred Reading: This is when audiences respond to the product the way media producers want/expect them to.

Negotiated Reading: This is when a member of the audience partly agrees with part of the product e.g Film, documentary, TV programme.

Oppositional Reading: This is when the audience are in complete disagreement with the products message or setting.

Anchorage describes the way in which text is used to help pin down the mood or meaning.
On a Tabloid, it would be humorous text

Laura Mulvey - The 'Male Gaze' theory. Catering to a predominately male audience, The Sun often features semi-clad women in its pages. White middle-class heterosexual men will use women to sell there product.

The I has a reader profile of majority ABC1 class, with 413 000 of its total 700 000 readers being from this bracket.

In the sun the main articles you would find would be gossip and celeb stories. This is because their main audience is people in the C2DE social code.

Kerrang Readership

NOTES MADE

Market Possibilities: The ways in which institutions believe their brand or product can expand into another medium as a cross-media product or spin off.

The identification of a group of potential customers who are not yet purchasing a product, or the realisation by an institution that there is need for a new product or brand. (Gap in the market)

Kerrang filled a gap in the market by targeting a popular genre, when it was at its height of popularity and came out with a product which was not accessible at the time.

Target audience of Kerrang - 15-24
NRS social grade - C2-E
Gender - 41% female, 59% male

Textual Analysis

keranng magazines fit into the connotations of rock music due to the bold colours and loud fonts.

Kerrang! Advertising

NOTES DONE

A magazine may advertise it self by: Digital, traditional - print and radio and TV , above and below the line, synergy.

Digital Advertising:

Also has social media accounts where consumers can interact with the magazine.

Comment and share options allow the people to pro consume the information.

Traditional Advertising:

Used the actual Karrang magazine and leaflets to promote the K tour.
A lot more minimalistic now (print advertising)

Film Audiences

NOTES MADE 

Classification: Decided by the BBFC.

                        Films require a classification to be granted cinema or DVD release. 

                        Strict requirements for each classification.

Blumler and Katz - Uses and Gratifications
An audience wants to :
                                     Be informed or educated.
                                     Identify with characters of the situation in the media environment.
                                     Simple entertainment.
                                     Enhance social interaction.
                                     Escape from the stresses of daily life.

Get Out is a film with a mainstream target audience.
The primary audience age would range between 13-20 - deposit its 15 certificate.
There would be a secondary audience - this would be thrill seekers or people interested in race discrimination being depicted in an appealing way.

BBFC:(British Board Film of Classification)
- The BBFC has a statutory requirement to all video works released on DVD, VHS Blu-Ray and to lesser extent some video games under the Video Recording Act 1984.
- It is a self funded QUANGO (non-government organisation)
- Business affairs controlled by a council. This council appoints a president with the statutory responsibility for the classification of videos and a Director who has executive responsibility and formulates policy.
- Financed by the fees it charges to classifying films and is run as a non-profit organisation.
- Make sure that the film has the appropriate age restriction so it reaches the widest possible audience.
- They make sure the film abides with the law.
- They use published classification guidelines to regulate films.

Film Analysis

NOTES DONE

Verisimilitude: How real the world of the story appears to the audience - e.g. is it believable?
Diegesis-diegetic world: The world in which the film takes place.
Juxtaposition: Placing one object next to another to create meaning.
Narrative theory: Theories that categorise narratives and find features to common to them.

Levi-Stauss and Binary Opposition: "Cinema is a set of universal rules, a set of relations that could be described as the grammar of film."
Levi-Strauss theorised that since all cultures are products of the human brain, there must be, beneath the surface, features that are common to all.
Structuralism attempted to deromanticise the filmmaker as auteur and apply a more scientific approach to uncover the underlying structures of film.

Levi-Strauss Binary Opposition: Narrative tension is based on opposition or conflict. This can be as simple as two characters fighting, but more often functions at an ideological level. Examples......

• Good vs Evil
• Black vs White
• Boy vs Girl
• Peace vs War
• Young vs Old 

Vladimir Propp was a Russian and Soviet formalist scholar.
He analysed the plot components of Russian folk tales to identify their basic narrative elements. He came to the conclusion they are made up of 31 plot elements, which he called functions.

Propp's 8 Character Types: The Villain, The Helper, The princess or prize, Her Father, The Donor, The Hero, The False Hero, The Dispatcher.

Todorovs Theory: Todorov proposed a basic structure for all narratives. He stated that films and programmes begin with an equilibrium (a calm period). Then agents of disruption causes disequilibrium (a period of unsettlement and disquiet). This is then followed by a renewed state of peace and harmony for the protagonists and a new equilibrium brings the chaos to an end.

Action + Enigma Codes (Roland Barthes)
Action Codes: What will happen next...
                        She falls over - will he catch her?
                        She has been caught - what will he do with her?

Enigma Codes: The audience questions why...
                          Why is there a shoe on the floor?


Denotation is what you can see - for example, a red sports car.
Connotation is the meaning you derive from a text. When analysing a text it is important to consider connotations.

Rick Altman argues that genre offers audiences a set of pleasures:
Emotional
Visceral (gut response i.e excitement, fear, laughter)
Intellectual (Does it make you think)

Get out is a horror/thriller (hybrid)

Horror Genre Conventions:
White girl ('final girl').
protagonist - resourceful, virgin, abstains from drugs/drinking - sole survivor.
Black teenager dies first.

Mise-en-scene - Setting is a quite, suburban neighbourhood - leafy, long wide streets. (mainly for 80s slasher films) Normally white n middle class.

Sound - eery music, one instrument (string or drum), used to create jump scare, often with silence between.

Editing - Longer takes/cuts, followed by quick cuts for jump scares.

ContraPunctual Music - When music contradicts what is going on the screen.

If a film does not go with the conventions, that means it subverts the conventions.

Get Out starts of with the very stereotypical beginning - leafy long road.
One long take - 1 min 52 secs in and no cuts.

One long take - zooms out to show the 'groundskeeper'.